SATALITE IMAGE ANALYSIS OF LANDSAT IMAGE FOR AMMAN

BACCALAUREATE SCHOOL

USING MULTISPEC PROGRAM

To generate a land cover map from remotely sensed data

BASEM ABDELRAHMAN, FADI TLEEL,KHALEEL HAMARNAH, MOHAMMED EL –ASSAF, SUDQI ABU SHAKRA

Amman Baccalaureate School
P.O Box 441 Sweileh 11910 Jordan
Tel: 5411191 5411572 Fax: 5412603

Basem@abs.edu.jo

 

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing education, multispec, environmental studies

 

ABSTRACT:

The GLOBE Team at the Amman Baccalaureate School has been cooperating with friends of environment society, Amman, Jordan for the past five years. This cooperation has resulted in many students learning much about the use of remotely sensed data for land cover mapping as well as the required protocols for collecting ground sample site information. Our team has used advanced image classification techniques to produce a land cover map of north west Amman region, from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. The classification scheme used to make this map was the Modified UNESCO Classification (MUC) scheme. Amman baccalaureate school has conducted numerous daylong ground data collection campaigns, called MUC-A-THONS. These ground-collected land cover sample sites provide an excellent source of data for us.      In our land cover mapping project. The student-collected MUC-A-THON data were used in conjunction with additional ground data collected by our   Team to create the map  .we suggest  a comparison between the land cover class as labeled on the map and the land cover class as verified on the ground to make accuracy assessment as a further step .

We keen to make further studies comparing the image of 1997 and that of 2002 as a proceeding step to this project to monitor the environmental changes  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. INTRODUCTION

 

Globally, there is a lack of accurate  land cover maps available for use in environmental management that includes monitoring deforestation, biodiversity, water quality, ecosystem health, and urban sprawl. Important decisions are based on these maps

Students participating in the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program have the opportunity to provide large quantities of accurate reference data necessary to validate and assess the accuracy of land cover maps representing many areas of the world. (­1­)

 

An important question that arose early in the development of the program was, if students from countries around the world could collect environmental data, would that data be useful to scientists? In order to provide reliable data that would be trusted by the scientific community, GLOBE incorporated measurements and protocols developed by scientist/educator teams led by a Scientist Principal Investigator and Educator Co-Principal Investigator (Finarelli, 1998). These protocols offer a consistent method of data collection, and if properly followed, will produce accurate data which can be entered into the GLOBE database and used by the scientific community worldwide (Rock and Lawless, 1997).

Hence, the objectives of this study were:

To generate a land cover map from remotely sensed data

The objective of our next studies is to

To use the student-collected reference data to validate the land cover map

Literature Review

In this project, the land cover is classified using The Modified UNESCO Classification (MUC) system (UNESCO, 1973). The new system incorporated new land cover types absent from many other classification systems. MUC contains all the characteristics of a good classification system, and allows for every possible land cover type on Earth to be put into a unique land cover class. Each MUC class is a distinct type of land cover, with a name and identification number, or MUC class "code". By using MUC, all the GLOBE data may be compiled into a single regional or global land cover data set. Therefore, ground collected data may be gathered and used to validate remotely sensed data following the same scientific protocols worldwide. There are ten Level 1 classes (Table 1). Classes 0-7 are natural land cover and classes 8-9 are developed. These ten classes can be further broken down into four levels of classification with each level increasing in detail (GLOBE, 1997).

Level 1

Category

0

Closed Forest

1

Woodland

2

Shrubland

3

Dwarf-shrubland

4

Herbaceous Vegetation

5

Barren Land

6

Wetland

7

Open Water

8

Cultivated Land

9

Urban

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methods

1.

We used the names in the MUC but sometimes we used our own

  1. There are two types of classification, we used the unsupervised one

 

3.soil texture, consistence ,color and content of carbonate are identified for sample sites AS WELL AS all the land cover protocols except accuracy assessment and monitoring changes 

4.data entered into GLOBE website

 

 

2. IMAGE DATA

1) Landsat TM images:

Band 1,2,3,4and 5 images

Natural colored image (Band 3=Red, 2=Green, 1=Blue)

Pseudo colored image (Band 5= Red, 4=Green, 2=Blue)

False colored image     (Band 4= Red, 3=Green, 2=Blue)

 

 

 

2) Cluster image by ISODATA unsupervised classification to get maximum value of a classification

Accuracy .We suppose the map shows detailed land covers.

3) Selection Graph

©1998The GLOBE Program

Some Typical Spectral Patterns (Signatures) Object signatures

Each object at the surface of the earth has unique spectral signature, which means the record of measurement of reflected, emitted or scattered electromagnetic field is a way to characterize an object. The shape curves linking energy to wavelength are called spectral signatures. The spectral signature goes further past the visible, that is why we can distinguish with them an object where the human eye does not allow.

We have access to these signatures as presented on Figures 7, 8 and 9.

We can make the difference between different classes of objects like vegetation, water, soils and rocks. Indeed, soils have a moderate reflected energy increasing with the wavelength until the near infrared, due to water presence, whereas vegetation has a very particular spectral signature with a bump on near infrared due to chlorophyll; water has a very low reflectance in the visible and totally nonexistent in higher wavelength, rocks have low reflectance in general but the curve is nearly always increasing.

We can not only classify objects by their spectral signature but also make differences between object. For example water reflectance depends of its turbidity and the presence of particle in suspension can be detected (Fig. 8). Since the quantity of water and the content of chlorophyll in the leaves make the spectral signature change, it is possible to know if it is dry or not. Rocks also have different spectral signatures, shapes are somewhat the same but scales change: for example, a marble has a very different spectral signature from basalt (Fig. 9)

When we use spectral signature we have to remember they are not permanent characteristics:

For example soils and vegetation it can vary with the humidity, which changes the shape of the curve in the low part of the visible.

The temperature of an object can vary temporally, with the rhythm of day and night or seasons, which has an effect in the thermal infrared domain.

That is why we must be aware of possible distortion in the model and how to moderate the result we provide.

 

The following examples, taken from the our image are representative of the

Spectral patterns found in images. Remember that different examples of similar land cover will vary

Somewhat.

Water

Water is usually dark. It absorbs much

Of the energy that strikes it. This is shown

By the low Value scale. Remember that

Values may range from 0 - 255. Notice

That water has very low reflectance in the

Near and Mid-Infrared bands, channels 4

And 5. Water is an excellent Infrared absorber.

 

PHOTO (PIC11) CLUSTER 10

Name of Site = SALT WATER PURIFICATION POND ON WADI SHUAIB VALLY RIVER

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0083 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.7310 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 607 meters

Topographic Elevation = 586.0 meters

MUC Class = 71

Entered MUC Name = Open Water, Freshwater (PURIFIED)

Valid MUC Name = Open Water, Freshwater

Metadata (Comments) = THIS BOND IS USED TO COLLECT PURIFIED WATER BEFOR RETURNING IT BACK TO THE VALLY,

Cluster10

A Sandy Beach

Beach very strongly reflects

Back into space most of the energy (electromagnetic)

Radiation) that strikes it (the

Readings for chi. 1, 2, 3 and 5 are 255...the

Sensors were “saturated.”) Notice that the

Beach does absorb some Near-Infrared radiation.

This is why the sand gets so hot on THE SUMMER sunny days (the image was taken on 25 JAN 2001. we have no beaches but we have other mineral composition such that of bare rocks of limestone in the cement factory area. we have no sandy beaches but the bare rocks of the cement mine and other MINES & QUARRIES which are 

Areas in which mining activity has been done or is being done. Includes opencast mines and quarries, as well as surface infrastructure, mine dumps etc, associated with underground mining activities. The sand stone rocks and lime stone rocks

Near mahais we have mining but unfortunately we have not time to go there to see what types of rocks are there however they have high reflectance and we will visit it later

cluster 2

In fuhais we have the cement factory where the bare rocks are mainly limestone photo1n,s,w,e 0017,0018,0019(land cover 2)   

 

20030201 north 31.9912   east 35.7751  939.1 aP8OPcV Amman Baccalaureate School                         LCS-03 CEMENT FACTORY MINE AND QUARRY/ BARE ROCKS         Amman                                                   JO LCL Amman Baccalaureate School, Amman, JO             MUC 53       G     B 20030201                                0

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

 

Near the school play ground

Measurement Date = 2003 January 24
Measurement Time = 10 : 00 UT

Name of Site = bare ROCKS AROUND THE SCHOOL PLAY GROUND

Coordinates:

 Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9997 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8036 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 997 meters

Topographic Elevation = 976.1 meters

MUC Class = 53

Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Bare Rock

Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Bare Rock

Metadata (Comments) = IT CONSISTS MAINLY OF LIME STONE AND SOME MARBLE CHIPS

 

 

In the area north of fuhais and south the road of Amman –salt there are mining for marble

 

Even though the bare rock is dominant and the site is mainly consist of it, at the bottom of the quarries or whenever there is, dirt or dry grass

New cluster will appear cluster 1

For example near the sport complex we have loose rock, gravel and marble chips and dry grass 0035,0036,0038 land cover 2. 

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 January 24
Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT

Name of Site =  MARBEL CHIPS AREA WITH SOME GRASS NEAR sport complex building

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0008 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8041 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = = 989.1 meters

MUC Class = 56

Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

 

Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

Metadata (Comments) =

 

 

 

 

 

Even though that area is too small to be evidence it is obvious in the cement factory area, where loose rock and dirt are found at the bottom

Of the mining area (004-0016)land cover 2

 

Name of Site = CEMENT FACTORY MINE AND QUARRY/ BARE ROCKS WITH SHURBS

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9913 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.7750 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 950 meters

Topographic Elevation = 929.1 meters

MUC Class = 56

Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

Metadata (Comments) = There is small shrubs with some grass and dirt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cluster 3

The bare soil bare rock combinations which found at the boundaries of mining where soil is eroded over bedrocks led to a third cluster (sometimes there are some shrubs) pic 8 Basem and pic 9 basem

Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 12 : 00 UT

Name of Site = bare soil and bare rocks near the school play ground

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1002 meters

Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters

MUC Class = 56

Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other bare soil with bare rocks

Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

Metadata (Comments) = this type areas found mainly wherever soil mixed with bare rocks after quarries some times there is small shrubs but in small amounts

Soil

Name of Site = bare soil and bare rocks near the school play ground

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1002 meters

Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters

Slope of Site = 0

Soil Samples are taken from 1

The Site Location is 4

General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = granular fraiable 2.5yr 4/6 2.5yr 3/6

 

Name of Site = bare rocks bare soil with some thorny shrubs at the western end  of the playground

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9960 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8030 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 997 meters

Topographic Elevation = 976.1 meters

MUC Class = 56

Entered MUC Name = bare soil bare rock thorny shrub

Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other

Metadata (Comments) = this land is a result of construction (making the playground)and quarries

PHOTO 8 BASEM

 

 

 

Urban  cluster 5

In this typical urban reflectance pattern,

You can see a similarity to the beach pattern

Above. Both are mineral in composition,

And have a similar pattern. Because

The urban area is not as homogeneous As the beach, its pattern is not as Uniform

 

 

.

The sport complex has the following selection graph photo 0031,0032,0033,0034,0039 land cover 2


Measurement Time = 10 : 30 UT

Name of Site = sport complex building

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0007 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8033 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1013 meters

Topographic Elevation = 992.1 meters

MUC Class = 94

Entered MUC Name = sport complex (Urban area building)

Valid MUC Name = Urban, Other

Metadata (Comments) = the ceil is both concrete and metal

SOIL

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT

Name of Site = SPORT COMPLEX

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1002 meters

Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters

Slope of Site = 1

Soil Samples are taken from 1

The Site Location is 4

General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = reddish brown soil 5YR4/4 GRANULAR FRAIABLE

 

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cluster 8

 

 

 

The roads, high ways, asphalt parking have also it is own signature hence its own cluster pic 0027,0028,0030 land cover

Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 10 : 00 UT

Name of Site = transportation parks and roads near the sport complex

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0012 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8038 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 990 meters

Topographic Elevation = 969.1 meters

MUC Class = 93

Entered MUC Name = Urban, Transportation

Valid MUC Name = Urban, Transportation

Metadata (Comments) = None

Vegetation

This is a typical spectral pattern for

“Normal,” or healthy vegetation. Note

That the visible bands have low reflectance;

Vegetation is dark to our eyes.

There is a very high reflectance in the

Near-Infrared; this is due to reflectance

By “biomass” (chlorophyll.) The lower

value for band 5, the Mid-Infrared, is due

to absorption by water in the plant mass.

The more water, the lower this reading.

Cluster 9

FOR EXAMPLE THE LEMON ORCHAD IN WADI SHUAIB pic 18 basem

Name of Site = LEMON ORCHAT AT THE CROSS ROAD MAHAIS WADI SHUAYAB

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9702 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.7230 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 338 meters

Topographic Elevation = 317.1 meters

MUC Class = 812

Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Metadata (Comments) = THISE ARE IS NEAR WADI SHUAIAB RIVER ,IN THISE AREA AND NEAR IT THERE ARE GERMANOID USED FOR FEEDING SHEEP AND GOAT

Soil

 School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT

Name of Site = LEMON ORCHARD AT CROSS ROAD MAHAIS WADI SHUAIB

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 31.9702 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.7230 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 338 meters

Topographic Elevation = 317.1 meters

Slope of Site = 15

Soil Samples are taken from 1

The Site Location is 4

General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = FRAIBLE GRANULAR 7.5YR 5/8 MEDIUM

 


cluster 7

THE LIVESTOCK FEEDING photo pic 6 basem (see 0020 –00230,0025,0026 land cover 2 for different kinds  of animals live in our image area 

Date = 2003 January 30
Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT

Name of Site = LIVESTOCK FEEDING AREAS KHELDA FUHAIS ROAD

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9987 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8095 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1042 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1021.1 meters

MUC Class = 813

Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Confined Livestock Feeding

Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Confined Livestock Feeding

Metadata (Comments) = DOVES USUALLY FEED THERE

 

 

Cluster 10

OAK WOOD LAND WILL APPEAR AS A CLOSED FOREST (L259 C263) CLUSTER 10 pic 1-1-,1-2,1-3,1-4 basem 

Measurement Date = 2003 January 30
Measurement Time = 12 : 00 UT

Name of Site = OAK TREES NEAR SCHOOL

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1001 meters

Topographic Elevation = 980.1 meters

MUC Class = 111

Entered MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved

Valid MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved

Metadata (Comments) = IN THE SAMPLE STUDY IT IS NEARLY CLOSED ,HOWEVER IN ANOTHER ARES ARE SLIGHTLY APART FROM EACH OTHER

Soil

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT

Name of Site = OAK TREES NEAR SCHOOL

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1011 meters

Topographic Elevation = 990.1 meters

Slope of Site = 20

Soil Samples are taken from 1

The Site Location is 4

General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = fine grained granular 7.5 yr 6/4 7.5yr 5/4 slow medium friable

 

 

 

HOWEVER IT ALSO APPEARS AS DENSE ORCHAD CLUSTER 9 WHEN IT IS LESS DENSE photo pic 25 and

Measurement Date = 2003 February 2
Measurement Time = 8: 00 UT

Name of Site = OAK TREES CLOSE TO THE SCHOOL

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0003 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 998 meters

Topographic Elevation = 977.1 meters

MUC Class = 111

Entered MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved TREES IS FAR APART

Valid MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved

Metadata (Comments) = None

Photo:

 

CLOSED FOREST photo 005,006,007,008,land cover 3  Cluster 10

Name of Site = CLOSED FOREST FUHAIS SWEILEH ROAD

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 32.0271 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8177 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1050 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1029.0 meters

MUC Class = 0181

Entered MUC Name = Closed Forest, Mainly Evergreen, Tropical and Subtropical Needle-Leaved, Lowland and Submontane

Valid MUC Name = Closed Forest, Mainly Evergreen, Tropical and Subtropical Needle-Leaved, Lowland and Submontane

Metadata (Comments) = HORSES ARE RAISED NEAR THAT AREAS photo 003,004,009.0010

SOIL

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT

Name of Site = CLOSED FOREST FUHAIS SWIELEH ROAD

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 32.0271 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8177 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1050 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1029.0 meters

Slope of Site = 30

Soil Samples are taken from 1

The Site Location is 4

Parent Material of Soil (if known) = 1

General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = the soil color is Brown (7.5YR 5/3) pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and and reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6 GRANULAR FRAIABLE MEDIUM CONTENT OF CARBONATE IN THE SECOND AND THIRD LAYER WITH SLOW REACTION FOR THE FIRST LAYER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE BIG OLIVE TREES NEAR THE SCHOOL photo pic 3 Basem  cluster 9

 

 


Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT

Name of Site = OLIVE TREE NEAR THE SCHOOL

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9963 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8086 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1059 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1038.1 meters

MUC Class = 812

Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Metadata (Comments) = DONKYES ARE USED FOR CULTIVATION THE TREES ARE NOT VERY FAR FROM EACH OTHER AND THIER CIRCUMFERENCE

THE PEACH ORCHAD photo pic 4 basem

 

Name of Site = PEACH ORCHAD NEAR THE SCHOOL  cluster 9

Coordinates:

Source of data = GPS

Latitude = 31.9998 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8072 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1060 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1039.1 meters

MUC Class = 812

Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture

Metadata (Comments) = THERE IS A DOG LIVE THERE,THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE TREES IS ABOUT 22 CM

School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School

Measurement Date = 2003 January 30
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT

Name of Site = PEACH ORCHAD NEAR THE SCHOOL

Coordinates:

Source of data = 1

Latitude = 31.9998 deg North of the Equator

Longitude = 35.8072 deg East of the Prime Meridian

Elevation = 1060 meters

Topographic Elevation = 1039.1 meters

Slope of Site = 20