SATALITE IMAGE ANALYSIS
OF LANDSAT IMAGE FOR AMMAN
BACCALAUREATE
SCHOOL
USING MULTISPEC
PROGRAM
To generate a land cover map from remotely sensed
data
BASEM ABDELRAHMAN,
FADI TLEEL,KHALEEL HAMARNAH, MOHAMMED EL –ASSAF, SUDQI ABU SHAKRA
Amman Baccalaureate
School
P.O Box 441 Sweileh 11910 Jordan
Tel: 5411191 5411572 Fax: 5412603
KEYWORDS: Remote sensing education, multispec, environmental studies
ABSTRACT:
The GLOBE Team at the Amman Baccalaureate School has been cooperating with friends of environment society, Amman, Jordan for the past five years. This cooperation has resulted in many students learning much about the use of remotely sensed data for land cover mapping as well as the required protocols for collecting ground sample site information. Our team has used advanced image classification techniques to produce a land cover map of north west Amman region, from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. The classification scheme used to make this map was the Modified UNESCO Classification (MUC) scheme. Amman baccalaureate school has conducted numerous daylong ground data collection campaigns, called MUC-A-THONS. These ground-collected land cover sample sites provide an excellent source of data for us. In our land cover mapping project. The student-collected MUC-A-THON data were used in conjunction with additional ground data collected by our Team to create the map .we suggest a comparison between the land cover class as labeled on the map and the land cover class as verified on the ground to make accuracy assessment as a further step .
We keen to make further studies comparing the image of 1997 and that of 2002
as a proceeding step to this project to monitor the environmental changes
- INTRODUCTION
Globally, there is a lack of accurate land cover maps available for use in environmental management that includes monitoring deforestation, biodiversity, water quality, ecosystem health, and urban sprawl. Important decisions are based on these maps
Students participating in the
Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program
have the opportunity to provide large quantities of accurate reference data
necessary to validate and assess the accuracy of land cover maps representing
many areas of the world. (1)
An important question that arose early in the development of the program was, if students from countries around the world could collect environmental data, would that data be useful to scientists? In order to provide reliable data that would be trusted by the scientific community, GLOBE incorporated measurements and protocols developed by scientist/educator teams led by a Scientist Principal Investigator and Educator Co-Principal Investigator (Finarelli, 1998). These protocols offer a consistent method of data collection, and if properly followed, will produce accurate data which can be entered into the GLOBE database and used by the scientific community worldwide (Rock and Lawless, 1997).
Hence, the objectives of this study were:
To generate a land cover map from remotely sensed data
The objective of our next studies is to
- To test the overall accuracy of student-collected data
To use the student-collected reference data to validate the land cover map
Literature Review
In this project, the land cover is classified using The Modified UNESCO Classification (MUC) system (UNESCO, 1973). The new system incorporated new land cover types absent from many other classification systems. MUC contains all the characteristics of a good classification system, and allows for every possible land cover type on Earth to be put into a unique land cover class. Each MUC class is a distinct type of land cover, with a name and identification number, or MUC class "code". By using MUC, all the GLOBE data may be compiled into a single regional or global land cover data set. Therefore, ground collected data may be gathered and used to validate remotely sensed data following the same scientific protocols worldwide. There are ten Level 1 classes (Table 1). Classes 0-7 are natural land cover and classes 8-9 are developed. These ten classes can be further broken down into four levels of classification with each level increasing in detail (GLOBE, 1997).
|
Level 1 |
Category |
|
0 |
Closed Forest |
|
1 |
Woodland |
|
2 |
Shrubland |
|
3 |
Dwarf-shrubland |
|
4 |
Herbaceous Vegetation |
|
5 |
Barren Land |
|
6 |
Wetland |
|
7 |
Open Water |
|
8 |
Cultivated Land |
|
9 |
Urban |
Methods
1.
We used the names in the MUC but sometimes we used
our own
- There are two types of classification, we used the unsupervised one
3.soil texture, consistence ,color and content of carbonate are identified for sample sites AS WELL AS all the land cover protocols except accuracy assessment and monitoring changes
4.data entered into GLOBE website
2. IMAGE DATA
1) Landsat TM images:
Band 1,2,3,4and 5
images
Natural colored image
(Band 3=Red, 2=Green, 1=Blue)
Pseudo colored image
(Band 5= Red, 4=Green, 2=Blue)
False colored
image (Band 4=
Red, 3=Green, 2=Blue)
2) Cluster image by
ISODATA unsupervised classification to get maximum value of a classification
Accuracy
.We suppose the map shows detailed land
covers.
3) Selection Graph
©1998The GLOBE
Program
Some Typical Spectral Patterns (Signatures) Object signatures
Each object at the surface of the earth has unique
spectral signature, which means the record of measurement of reflected, emitted
or scattered electromagnetic field is a way to characterize an object. The
shape curves linking energy to wavelength are called spectral signatures. The
spectral signature goes further past the visible, that is why we can
distinguish with them an object where the human eye does not allow.
We have access to these signatures as presented on
Figures 7, 8 and 9.
We can make the difference between different classes of objects like vegetation, water, soils and rocks. Indeed, soils have a moderate reflected energy increasing with the wavelength until the near infrared, due to water presence, whereas vegetation has a very particular spectral signature with a bump on near infrared due to chlorophyll; water has a very low reflectance in the visible and totally nonexistent in higher wavelength, rocks have low reflectance in general but the curve is nearly always increasing.
We can not only classify objects by their spectral
signature but also make differences between object. For example water
reflectance depends of its turbidity and the presence of particle in suspension
can be detected (Fig. 8). Since the quantity of water and the content of
chlorophyll in the leaves make the spectral signature change, it is possible to
know if it is dry or not. Rocks also have different spectral signatures, shapes
are somewhat the same but scales change: for example, a marble has a very
different spectral signature from basalt (Fig. 9)
When we use spectral signature we have to remember they are not permanent characteristics:
For example soils and vegetation it can vary with the humidity, which changes the shape of the curve in the low part of the visible.
The temperature of an object can vary temporally, with the rhythm of day and night or seasons, which has an effect in the thermal infrared domain.
That is why we must be aware of possible distortion in the model and how to moderate the result we provide.
The following examples,
taken from the our image are representative of the
Spectral patterns
found in images. Remember that different examples of similar land cover will
vary
Somewhat.
Water
Water is usually
dark. It absorbs much
Of the energy that
strikes it. This is shown
By the low Value
scale. Remember that
Values may range from
0 - 255. Notice
That water has very
low reflectance in the
Near and Mid-Infrared
bands, channels 4
And 5. Water is an
excellent Infrared absorber.
PHOTO (PIC11) CLUSTER
10
Name of Site = SALT WATER PURIFICATION POND ON WADI SHUAIB VALLY RIVER
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0083 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.7310 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 607 meters
Topographic Elevation = 586.0 meters
MUC Class = 71
Entered MUC Name = Open Water, Freshwater (PURIFIED)
Valid MUC Name = Open Water, Freshwater
Metadata (Comments) = THIS BOND IS USED TO COLLECT PURIFIED WATER BEFOR RETURNING IT BACK TO THE VALLY,
Cluster10
A Sandy Beach
Beach very strongly
reflects
Back into space most
of the energy (electromagnetic)
Radiation) that
strikes it (the
Readings for chi. 1,
2, 3 and 5 are 255...the
Sensors were
“saturated.”) Notice that the
Beach does absorb
some Near-Infrared radiation.
This is why the sand gets so hot on THE SUMMER sunny days (the image was taken on 25 JAN 2001. we have no beaches but we have other mineral composition such that of bare rocks of limestone in the cement factory area. we have no sandy beaches but the bare rocks of the cement mine and other MINES & QUARRIES which are
Areas in which mining activity has
been done or is being done. Includes opencast mines and quarries, as well as
surface infrastructure, mine dumps etc, associated with underground mining
activities. The sand stone rocks and lime stone rocks
Near mahais we have mining but
unfortunately we have not time to go there to see what types of rocks are there
however they have high reflectance and we will visit it later
cluster 2
In fuhais we have the cement
factory where the bare rocks are mainly limestone photo1n,s,w,e
0017,0018,0019(land cover 2)
20030201 north 31.9912 east 35.7751 939.1 aP8OPcV Amman Baccalaureate School LCS-03 CEMENT FACTORY MINE AND QUARRY/ BARE ROCKS Amman JO LCL Amman Baccalaureate School, Amman, JO MUC 53 G B 20030201 0
Near the school play ground
Measurement Date = 2003 January 24
Measurement Time = 10 : 00 UT
Name of Site = bare ROCKS AROUND THE SCHOOL PLAY GROUND
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9997 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8036 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 997 meters
Topographic Elevation = 976.1 meters
MUC Class = 53
Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Bare Rock
Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Bare Rock
Metadata (Comments) = IT CONSISTS MAINLY OF LIME STONE AND SOME MARBLE CHIPS
In the area north of fuhais and
south the road of Amman –salt there are mining for marble
Even though the bare
rock is dominant and the site is mainly consist of it, at the bottom of the
quarries or whenever there is, dirt or dry grass
New cluster will
appear cluster 1
For example near the
sport complex we have loose rock, gravel and marble chips and dry grass
0035,0036,0038 land cover 2.
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 January 24
Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT
Name of Site = MARBEL CHIPS AREA WITH SOME GRASS NEAR sport complex building
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0008 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8041 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = = 989.1 meters
MUC Class = 56
Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Metadata (Comments) =
Even though that
area is too small to be evidence it is obvious in the cement factory area,
where loose rock and dirt are found at the bottom
Of the mining area
(004-0016)land cover 2
Name of Site = CEMENT FACTORY MINE AND QUARRY/ BARE ROCKS WITH SHURBS
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9913 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.7750 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 950 meters
Topographic Elevation = 929.1 meters
MUC Class = 56
Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Metadata (Comments) = There is small shrubs with some grass
and dirt
Cluster 3
The bare soil bare
rock combinations which found at the boundaries of mining where soil is eroded
over bedrocks led to a third cluster (sometimes there are some shrubs) pic 8
Basem and pic 9 basem
Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 12 : 00 UT
Name of Site = bare soil and bare rocks near the school play ground
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1002 meters
Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters
MUC Class = 56
Entered MUC Name = Barren Land, Other bare soil with bare rocks
Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Metadata (Comments) = this type areas found mainly wherever soil mixed with bare rocks after quarries some times there is small shrubs but in small amounts
Soil
Name of Site = bare soil and bare rocks near the school play ground
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1002 meters
Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters
Slope of Site = 0
Soil Samples are taken from 1
The Site Location is 4
General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = granular fraiable 2.5yr 4/6 2.5yr 3/6
Name of Site = bare rocks bare soil with some thorny shrubs at the western end of the playground
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9960 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8030 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 997 meters
Topographic Elevation = 976.1 meters
MUC Class = 56
Entered MUC Name = bare soil bare rock thorny shrub
Valid MUC Name = Barren Land, Other
Metadata (Comments) = this land is a result of construction (making the playground)and quarries
PHOTO 8 BASEM
Urban cluster 5
In this typical urban
reflectance pattern,
You can see a
similarity to the beach pattern
Above. Both are mineral
in composition,
And have a similar
pattern. Because
The urban area is not
as homogeneous As the beach, its pattern is not as Uniform
.
The sport complex has
the following selection graph photo 0031,0032,0033,0034,0039 land cover 2
Measurement Time = 10 : 30 UT
Name of Site = sport complex building
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0007 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8033 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1013 meters
Topographic Elevation = 992.1 meters
MUC Class = 94
Entered MUC Name = sport complex (Urban area building)
Valid MUC Name = Urban, Other
Metadata (Comments) = the ceil is both concrete and metal
SOIL
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT
Name of Site = SPORT COMPLEX
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8040 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1002 meters
Topographic Elevation = 981.1 meters
Slope of Site = 1
Soil Samples are taken from 1
The Site Location is 4
General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = reddish brown soil 5YR4/4 GRANULAR FRAIABLE
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Cluster 8
The roads, high ways,
asphalt parking have also it is own signature hence its own cluster pic
0027,0028,0030 land cover
Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 10 : 00 UT
Name of Site = transportation parks and roads near the sport complex
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0012 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8038 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 990 meters
Topographic Elevation = 969.1 meters
MUC Class = 93
Entered MUC Name = Urban, Transportation
Valid MUC Name = Urban, Transportation
Metadata
(Comments) = None
Vegetation
This is a typical
spectral pattern for
“Normal,”
or healthy vegetation. Note
That the visible
bands have low reflectance;
Vegetation is dark to
our eyes.
There is a very high
reflectance in the
Near-Infrared; this
is due to reflectance
By
“biomass” (chlorophyll.) The lower
value for band 5, the
Mid-Infrared, is due
to absorption by
water in the plant mass.
The more water, the lower
this reading.
Cluster 9
FOR EXAMPLE THE LEMON
ORCHAD IN WADI SHUAIB pic 18 basem
Name of Site = LEMON ORCHAT AT THE CROSS ROAD MAHAIS WADI SHUAYAB
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9702 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.7230 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 338 meters
Topographic Elevation = 317.1 meters
MUC Class = 812
Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Metadata (Comments) = THISE ARE IS NEAR WADI SHUAIAB RIVER ,IN THISE AREA AND NEAR IT THERE ARE GERMANOID USED FOR FEEDING SHEEP AND GOAT
Soil
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT
Name of Site = LEMON ORCHARD AT CROSS ROAD MAHAIS WADI SHUAIB
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 31.9702 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.7230 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 338 meters
Topographic Elevation = 317.1 meters
Slope of Site = 15
Soil Samples are taken from 1
The Site Location is 4
General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = FRAIBLE GRANULAR 7.5YR 5/8 MEDIUM
cluster 7
THE LIVESTOCK FEEDING
photo pic 6 basem (see 0020 –00230,0025,0026 land cover 2 for different
kinds of animals live in our image
area
Date = 2003 January 30
Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT
Name of Site = LIVESTOCK FEEDING AREAS KHELDA FUHAIS ROAD
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9987 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8095 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1042 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1021.1 meters
MUC Class = 813
Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Confined Livestock Feeding
Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Confined Livestock Feeding
Metadata (Comments) = DOVES USUALLY FEED THERE
Cluster 10
OAK WOOD LAND WILL
APPEAR AS A CLOSED FOREST (L259 C263) CLUSTER 10 pic 1-1-,1-2,1-3,1-4
basem
Measurement Date = 2003 January
30
Measurement Time = 12 : 00 UT
Name of Site = OAK TREES NEAR SCHOOL
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1001 meters
Topographic Elevation = 980.1 meters
MUC Class = 111
Entered MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved
Valid MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved
Metadata (Comments) = IN THE SAMPLE STUDY IT IS NEARLY CLOSED ,HOWEVER IN ANOTHER ARES ARE SLIGHTLY APART FROM EACH OTHER
Soil
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 January 23
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT
Name of Site = OAK TREES NEAR SCHOOL
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 32.0000 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1011 meters
Topographic Elevation = 990.1 meters
Slope of Site = 20
Soil Samples are taken from 1
The Site Location is 4
General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = fine grained granular 7.5 yr 6/4 7.5yr 5/4 slow medium friable
HOWEVER IT ALSO APPEARS
AS DENSE ORCHAD CLUSTER 9 WHEN IT IS LESS DENSE photo pic 25 and
Measurement Date = 2003 February 2
Measurement Time = 8: 00 UT
Name of Site = OAK TREES CLOSE TO THE SCHOOL
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0003 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8047 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 998 meters
Topographic Elevation = 977.1 meters
MUC Class = 111
Entered MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved TREES IS FAR APART
Valid MUC Name = Woodland, Mainly Evergreen, Broad-Leaved
Metadata (Comments) = None
Photo:
CLOSED FOREST photo
005,006,007,008,land cover 3 Cluster
10
Name of Site = CLOSED FOREST FUHAIS SWEILEH ROAD
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 32.0271 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8177 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1050 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1029.0 meters
MUC Class = 0181
Entered MUC Name = Closed Forest, Mainly Evergreen, Tropical and Subtropical Needle-Leaved, Lowland and Submontane
Valid MUC Name = Closed Forest, Mainly Evergreen, Tropical and Subtropical Needle-Leaved, Lowland and Submontane
Metadata (Comments) = HORSES ARE RAISED NEAR THAT AREAS photo 003,004,009.0010
SOIL
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 February 1
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT
Name of Site = CLOSED FOREST FUHAIS SWIELEH ROAD
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 32.0271 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8177 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1050 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1029.0 meters
Slope of Site = 30
Soil Samples are taken from 1
The Site Location is 4
Parent Material of Soil (if known) = 1
General description of your study site and metadata (Comments) = the soil color is Brown (7.5YR 5/3) pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and and reddish yellow 7.5YR 6/6 GRANULAR FRAIABLE MEDIUM CONTENT OF CARBONATE IN THE SECOND AND THIRD LAYER WITH SLOW REACTION FOR THE FIRST LAYER
THE BIG OLIVE TREES NEAR
THE SCHOOL photo pic 3 Basem
cluster 9
Measurement Time = 9 : 00 UT
Name of Site = OLIVE TREE NEAR THE SCHOOL
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9963 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8086 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1059 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1038.1 meters
MUC Class = 812
Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Metadata (Comments) = DONKYES ARE
USED FOR CULTIVATION THE TREES ARE NOT VERY FAR FROM EACH OTHER AND THIER
CIRCUMFERENCE
THE PEACH ORCHAD photo pic 4 basem
Name of Site = PEACH ORCHAD NEAR THE SCHOOL cluster 9
Coordinates:
Source of data = GPS
Latitude = 31.9998 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8072 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1060 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1039.1 meters
MUC Class = 812
Entered MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Valid MUC Name = Cultivated Land, Agriculture, Orchard and Horticulture
Metadata (Comments) = THERE IS A DOG LIVE THERE,THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE TREES IS ABOUT 22 CM
School Name = Amman Baccalaureate School
Measurement Date = 2003 January 30
Measurement Time = 00 : 00 UT
Name of Site = PEACH ORCHAD NEAR THE SCHOOL
Coordinates:
Source of data = 1
Latitude = 31.9998 deg North of the Equator
Longitude = 35.8072 deg East of the Prime Meridian
Elevation = 1060 meters
Topographic Elevation = 1039.1 meters
Slope of Site = 20